Which perspective emphasizes determinism and the use of scientific methods to explain crime?

Which perspective emphasizes determinism and the use of scientific methods to explain crime?

• A. Classical School
• B. Rational choice theory
• C. Positive School
• D. Phrenology

Answer: (C)

Determinism and the use of scientific methods to explain crime are at the heart of this perspective. The Positive School treats criminal behavior as caused by identifiable factors—biological, psychological, and social—and it relies on empirical research, data collection, and systematic analysis to understand crime patterns and offender traits. This view sees behavior as something that can be studied, predicted, and influenced through evidence, rather than something chosen freely in a moment of rational deliberation. Historically, positivist thinkers sought measurable indicators and used methods intended to reveal underlying causes, which then informed rehabilitation and social interventions instead of just punishment. In this framework, science guides explanations and policy, reflecting a move away from assuming crime results purely from free will. By contrast, the Classical School emphasizes free, rational choice; rational choice theory focuses on calculated decisions; and phrenology, though historically proposed as a scientific approach, is not supported by modern evidence.

Determinism and the use of scientific methods to explain crime are at the heart of this perspective. The Positive School treats criminal behavior as caused by identifiable factors—biological, psychological, and social—and it relies on empirical research, data collection, and systematic analysis to understand crime patterns and offender traits. This view sees behavior as something that can be studied, predicted, and influenced through evidence, rather than something chosen freely in a moment of rational deliberation. Historically, positivist thinkers sought measurable indicators and used methods intended to reveal underlying causes, which then informed rehabilitation and social interventions instead of just punishment. In this framework, science guides explanations and policy, reflecting a move away from assuming crime results purely from free will. By contrast, the Classical School emphasizes free, rational choice; rational choice theory focuses on calculated decisions; and phrenology, though historically proposed as a scientific approach, is not supported by modern evidence.